name: inverse layout: true class: center, middle, inverse --- # Ecosystems .footnote[follow along at wcornwell.github.io] --- layout: false .left-column[ ## What is an ecosystem? ] .right-column[ - *Population*: Interacting individuals of the same species - *Community*: Interacting populations of different species - *Ecosystem*: Communities and the environment where they live ] --- class: center, top #Biome vs. Ecosystem ? -- ###Often used interchangably, but "biomes" are usually larger and refer more to the climate region; ecosystems are often smaller in geographic scale and refer more to the acctual organisms and their functions --- class: center, middle
###In an ecosystem the organisms and the inorganic factors alike are components which are in relatively stable dynamic equilibrium. - Tansley 1935 --- class: center, middle, inverse
--- class: center, middle, inverse
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--- class: left, middle #Conceptual ideas: ###A simple scheme to keep the world's vegetation in your head -Is Australia weird? ###Understanding the basics of ecosystems -Connectedness -Flow of energy and elements -Why is the world green? --- class: center, middle, inverse # Why is the world green (ususally)?
--- class: center, middle, inverse #An accurate view of the world: species are unique entities
(Robert Whittaker 1967) --- class: center, middle, inverse
--- name: how layout: false .left-column[ ## Accuracy in a complex world overwhelms the brain ] .right-column[ Current diversity ```remark # Angiosperms 304,419 species* --- # Gymnosperms 1,104 species* ``` .slides[ .first[ Gymnos
] .second[ Angios
] ] .footnote[* source [the plant list](http://www.theplantlist.org/)] ] --- class: center, middle, inverse # Robert Whittaker 1975
--- class: center, middle #Is Australia (climatically) weird?
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--- class: left, middle ## Features of a useful ecosystem classification: -simple enough to be useful in mapping, thinking, and planning -capture something measurable about the organisms on the ground -designed well for the "extent" of the study or plan -consistently "lumped" or "split" -useful for "ecosystem-level conservation planning" --- class: center, middle, inverse
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--- class: center, middle, inverse ##Food webs
Ricklefs and Miller p175 --- class: center, middle, inverse #Organizing concepts: energy and elements
--- class: center, middle ##Gross Primary Production (GPP): Photosynthesis 6 CO
2
+ 6 H
2
O + solar energy → C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6 O
2
##Net Primary Production (NPP): NPP = Photosynthesis - Autotrophic Respiration --- class: center, top, inverse
--- class: center, middle, inverse #The "stuff" that life (on earth) is made of
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--
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Toughness - Fibres, lignified tissue, sclerids --- class: center, top, inverse
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Hairs - especially effective against (some) invertebrate herbivores --- class: center, top, inverse
Spines - especially effective against vertebrate herbivores --- class: center, top, inverse
--
--- #PAUSE --- class: center, middle ##What is the most common biological molecule on earth? --- class: center, middle, inverse
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--- class: center, top #What is the most common protein on earth? -- ###Hint: what's the most common biochemical reaction on earth? --- class: center, middle
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--- class: center, top, inverse ## Scaling up from leaf to globe: the global carbon cycle --
figure from Ricklefs --- class: center, top, inverse But it's not just about carbon... --
Animal tissues (endotherms) are about 15% nitrogen --
Growing leaves are about ~3% nitrogen --- class: center, middle, inverse #Key elements for plants: ##Nitrogen (1.5% of healthy plant) ##Phosphorus (0.2% of healthy plant) ##Other stuff (base cations: CA, K, Mg) --- Uses of N: every enzyme in all life but especially Rubisco --- Uses of P
---
--- "Green revolution"
---
##Haber-Bosch process ---
###A Phosphorus mine in Florida via NYtimes --- ###Fertilizer use in China
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Change in N deposition in g per Ha per year --- class: center, top, inverse
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###Sigman & Hain (2012) Nature --- #Ecosystems -- from molecules
-- to the globe