--- "Are you suggesting that coconuts migrate?"
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--- #Dispersal
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source: (http://jameskennedymonash.wordpress.com/) --- class: center, middle, inverse
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--- class: center, middle, inverse # Plant coexistence: models for the generation and maintenance of diversity
.footnote[follow along at
wcornwell.github.io
] --- .left-column[ ## What is an community? ] .right-column[ - *Population*: Interacting individuals of the same species - *Community*: Interacting populations of different species - *Ecosystem*: Communities and the environment where they live ] --- class: center, inverse # Gause's competitive exclusion principle
-- ## If two species are using the same thing, one will (eventually) win and the other will go (locally) extinct --- name: how layout: false .left-column[ ] .right-column[ # The paradox ```remark # Angiosperms 304,419 species* --- # Gymnosperms 1,104 species* ``` .slides[ .first[ Gymnos
] .second[ Angios
] ] .footnote[* source [the plant list](http://www.theplantlist.org/)] ] --- class: center, middle, inverse # The paradox of diversity
--- .left-column[ ## A few observations about diversity ] .right-column[ ### Some clades are more diverse than others, even with the same amount of evolutionary time: ```remark # Angiosperms 304,419 species* --- # Gymnosperms 1,104 species* ``` ### Some places are more diverse than others, even with the same number of individuals: ```remark 1 ha of the Yasuni forest in, Equador, there are 644 tree species --- 1 ha of British Columbia, Canada, there are 2 tree species ``` ] --- .left-column[ ## Explanations fall into two categories ] .right-column[ - Evolution (assuming all species are similar ecologically is sometimes called "neutral")
- Ecological "niche" differences
] --- class: center, middle, inverse ## Evolution: net diversification differences
--- class: center, middle, inverse ## Ecological niche differences All plants use the same resources (nutrients, water, light, space) but there still may be spatial or temporal specialization ("niches") in the uptake and use of these resources
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--- ##Importance of the regneration niche (Grubb 1977) When an individual dies, it may or may not be replaced by an individual of the same species.
Difference in who wins at that key moment is what matters --- ## 5 Different regeneration traits that may promote co-existence, despite adult plants using the same resources (*sensu* Gause's competitive exclusion principle) -- 1. Production of viable seed (including the sub-stages of flowering, pollination and seed-set), -- 2. dispersal, in space and time, -- 3. germination, -- 4. establishment, and -- 5. further development of the immature plant. --- class: inverse ## One useful way to categorize species' regneration niches: shade-tolerant versus light-demanding versus shade-demanding
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--- ## Animal versus wind dispersal has different spatial goals
--- class: inverse ## The regeneration niche is temporal as well as spatial
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--- class: center, middle, inverse ## Sometimes the particular pattern of rain favours only one species --
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## "glyceronitrile is slowly hydrolysed to release cyanide that stimulates seed germination" Flematti et al. 2011 Nature Communications --- class: center, middle, inverse
--- # Important concepts -- 1. Competitive exclusion principle (Gause) -- 2. Niche in space and time (versus "neutral" processes) -- 3. Regeneration niche (Grubb) -- - Pulses of resources, especially in deserts -- - Fire dynamics (depends on intensity / timing of the fire) -- - Tree fall gaps in forest ecosystems --- class: center, middle, inverse #Next lecture on Ecosystems ##See you then