name: inverse layout: true class: center, middle, inverse --- # Diversity and Ecosystems .footnote[follow along at wcornwell.github.io] --- layout: false .left-column[ ## Review from last lecture ] .right-column[ - *Population*: Interacting individuals of the same species - *Community*: Interacting populations of different species - *Ecosystem*: Communities and the environment where they live ] --- # Outline for this lecture -- - Aspects of diversity -- - types of diversity: taxonomic, functional, genetic -- - scales of diversity -- - Ecosystems -- - conservation relevance -- - general principles: cycles --- class: center, top
Alexander von Humboldt ~1799 --- class: center, top #Biome vs. Ecosystem ? -- ###Often used interchangably, but "biomes" are usually larger and refer more to the climate region; ecosystems are often smaller in geographic scale and refer more to the acctual organisms and their functions --- class: center, middle
###In an ecosystem the organisms and the inorganic factors alike are components which are in relatively stable dynamic equilibrium. - Tansley 1935 --- # Three ideas from Robert Whittaker 1. Populations turnover across gradients 2. Diversity is arranged at nested spatial scales 3. Biomes at the larges scale are at least in part a function of climate --- class: center, top
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### Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Diversity (Robert Whittaker)
--- class: left, middle ## Diversity has different components - Diversity may be thought of as: - Taxonomic: e.g. number of species - Genetic: e.g. number of alleles - Phylogenetic: e.g. number of years of evolutionary history - Functional: e.g. number of functions - All have alpha, beta, and gamma components - All have within trophic and among trophic level components ---
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--- ## Microbes are organisms too "Diversity in gut bacterial community of school-age children in Asia" Nakayama et al. 2015
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--- class: center, middle, inverse #An accurate view of the world: species are unique entities
(Robert Whittaker 1967) --- class: center, middle, inverse
--- name: how layout: false .left-column[ ## Accuracy in a complex world overwhelms the brain ] .right-column[ Current diversity ```remark # Angiosperms 304,419 species* --- # Gymnosperms 1,104 species* ``` .slides[ .first[ Gymnos
] .second[ Angios
] ] .footnote[* source [the plant list](http://www.theplantlist.org/)] ] --- class: center, middle, inverse # Robert Whittaker 1975
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--- class: left, middle ## Features of a useful ecosystem classification: -simple enough to be useful in mapping, thinking, and planning -capture something measurable (esp. "functional") about the organisms on the ground -designed well for the "extent" of the study or plan -consistently "lumped" or "split" -useful for "ecosystem-level conservation planning" --- class: center, middle, inverse
--- class: center, middle, inverse ##Food webs
Ricklefs and Miller p175 --- class: center, middle, inverse ## Organizing concepts amid the chaos: energy and elements
### Conservation goal: keep the element and energy cycles intact --- # What are the three most important elements to worry about from conservation perspective? --- - Carbon: Climate change + all energy flow happens via C molecules -- - Nitrogen: all proteins have N -- - Phosphorus: all DNA --- class: center, top, inverse How would you describe this difference?
-- ## New terms: eutrophic versus oligotrophic --- class: center, top, inverse ## Scaling up from leaf to globe: the global carbon cycle --
figure from Ricklefs ---
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--- # Diversity across the globe -- from molecules
-- to the globe
-- - Components of diversity: taxonomic, genetic, phylogenetic, and functional -- - Scales of diversity: alpha, beta, and gamma -- ``` A functional understanding of the world's diversity starts at the elemental level (C, N, and P) and works up. ```